Learning+SAQ1+(Determinism)

1. __Explain how one theory from the learning perspective relates to either determinism or free will__. [8 marks]

Determinism is the philosophical idea that states that behaviour is caused due to factors independent of free will [does this definition need tweaking?]. One theory from the learning perspective that relates to determinism is that of Pavlovian (classical) conditioning (Pavlov 1927). Pavolian conditioning is an example of environmental determinism. Environmental determinism claims that behaviour is determiend by external forces of which we have no control over. If all events are caused and perfect knowledge is gained of the current state of the universe it follows that future events (like behaviour) are entirely predictable. Pavolovian conditioning involved the use of external stimuli in order to produce an innate reflex response. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs (1927), Pavlov noticed that his dogs were salivating (unconditioned response) merely as a result of the presence or cues of expected food. Pavlov was able to condition this response of salivation (conditioned response) purely through the use of sound i.e. a bell (conditioned stimulus) by presenting the food shortly after the presentation of the stimulus. This clearly illustrates the deterministic nature in which the environment (stimuli) plays a vital role in affecting behaviour. This theory is primarily deterministic as the behavioural change is not as a result of ‘the individual’s’ free will but merely from the surrounding environment. [good examples of clear sentences at the end here]

See: http://www.ycc.ac.uk/yc/new/HUMSOC/psycho/unit5/determinism.pdf

__Second Answer:__

Skinner believes that human behaviour is controlled by genetic and environmental factors, however these factors doesn’t rule out the fact that humans make their own choices themselves, but this argument does rule out the possibility that human choices are free. Going against skinner’s belief (in a philosophical argument), all human behaviours are either conditions by: self caused, completely uncaused or caused by something external (operant & Social Learning Theory).

Good example to use, especially for factoring in __free will__. Finish this off & clearly relate it to the question.